CS 180 Exam Two Terms and Concepts

program components, variables, data types and how to choose them, various arithmetic operations, ways to control formatting of output

relational operators: >, <, >=, <=, ==, !=, what can and cannot be compared, how to handle comparison for floating point types
bool type: true, false, boolalpha io manipulator
if statement: conditional execution, else, else if, nested if statements, always use braces
logical operators: && (and, binary), || (or, binary), ! (not, unary), operands are Boolean, return value is Boolean
truth tables: to explain logical operators
relops and characters: use ASCII values for comparison
relops and strings: character by character
conditional operator: var = x < 0 ? -x : y
flag variables: Boolean variables that store a condition value.
scope: of a variable, the region of the program in which the variable exists and can be referred to

increment/decrement operators: ++, --, prefix vs. postfix form, be able to evaluate experssions that use these
while loop: similar to if statement, pretest loop, body executes zero or more times
input validation: common use of while loops, useful
counters and accumulators: incrementing vs. accumulating, both very useful
do while loop: posttest loop, will always execute at least once, compare and contrast with regular while loop
loop control with flags: while (!done) for example
for loop: for (initialization; test; update), understanding the number of loop iterations, nested loops, not using break and continue.
text file IO: what text files are, streams for reading and writing, opening streams, using streams, closing streams, stream extraction vs. getline

functions: modularization, reuse, return type, parameter list, special void return type
function prototypes: declare them
parameters: formal parameters vs. actual parameters (aka parameters vs. arguments), formal: type and name, actual: value (could be variable, expression, literal, etc. . .)
naming functions: functions do something so names should contain verbs
return statements: where they can appear, make sure functions always return
global variables: just say no, global constants are acceptable
local variables: defined inside functions, scope is function body, parameters are kind of like pre-initialized local variables
pass-by-value parameters: argument is copied into formal parameter when function is called, formal parameter can be used as a variable, but it is just a copy
pass-by-reference parameters: reference variable is a reference to another variable, declared using ampersand (&), an alias for another variable, changes actually change real variable, arguments must be variables
function design: function should do only one thing